Spaceborne measurements pinned to international standards are needed to monitor the earth’s climate,quantify human influence thereon, and test forecasts of future climate change. The International System ofUnits (SI, from the French for Système International d’Unités) provides ideal measurement standards forradiometry as they can be realized anywhere, at any time in the future. The challenge is...
Publications
Gero P J, Dykema J A and Anderson J G 2008 A blackbody design for SI-traceable radiometry for earth observation J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. 25 2046–54
E.J. Moyer, D.S. Sayres, G.S. Engel, J.M.St. Clair, F.N. Keutsch, N.T. Allen, J.H. Kroll, J.G. Anderson, Design considerations in high-sensitivity off-axis integrated cavity output spectroscopy. Phys. B 92, 467 (2008)
CT Off-axis integrated cavity output spectroscopy(OA-ICOS) has generated much interest because it potentially allows highly sensitive field measurements with robustoptical alignment. We discuss here design choices involvedin design of an OA-ICOS instrument and how these choicesimpact instrument sensitivity, using as our example the design of the Harvard ICOS isotope instrument, which demonstrates...
J.M. St. Clair, T.F. Hanisco, E.M. Weinstock, E.J. Moyer,D.S. Sayres, F.N. Keutsch, J.H. Kroll, J.N. Demusz,N.T. Allen, J.B. Smith, J.R. Spackman, J.G. Anderson, A new photolysis laser-induced fluorescence instrument for the detection of H2O and HDO in the lower stratosphere. Sci. Instrum. 79, 064101 (2008). doi:10.1063/1.2940221.
We present a new instrument, Hoxotope, for the in situ measurement of H2O and its heavy deuterium isotopologue (HDO) in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere aboard the NASA WB-57. Sensitive measurements of δD are accomplished through the vacuum UV photolysis of water followed by laser-induced fluorescence detection of the resultant OH and OD photofragments....
Leroy, S., J. G. Anderson, J. Dykema, and R. Goody (2008), Testing climate models with thermal infrared spectra, J. Clim., 21, 1863–1875.
An approach to test climate models with observations is presented. In this approach, it is possible to directly observe the longwave feedbacks of the climate system in time series of annual average outgoing longwave spectra. Tropospheric temperature, stratospheric temperature, water vapor, and carbon dioxide have clear and distinctive signatures in the infrared spectrum, and it is possible to...
Sayres, D. S., J. B. Smith, J. V. Pittman, E. M. Weinstock, J. G. Anderson, G. Heymsfield, L. Li, A. M. Fridlind, and A. S. Ackerman(2008), Validation and determination of ice water content-radar reflectivity relationships during CRYSTAL-FACE: Flight requirements for future comparisons, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D05208, doi:10.1029/2007JD008847.
In situ measurements of cirrus ice water content (IWC) by the Harvard water vapor and total water instruments during Cirrus Regional Study of Tropical Anvils and Cirrus Layers-Florida Area Cirrus Experiment are compared with remote sensing data made by the Cloud Radar System instrument in order to derive and validate an empirical IWC-radar relflectivity Z e relationship. The...
Leroy, Stephen, James Anderson, John Dykema, Richard Goody, 2008: Testing Climate Models Using Thermal Infrared Spectra. J. Climate, 21, 1863–1875. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007JCLI2061.1
An approach to test climate models with observations is presented. In this approach, it is possible to directly observe the longwave feedbacks of the climate system in time series of annual average outgoing longwave spectra. Tropospheric temperature, stratospheric temperature, water vapor, and carbon dioxide have clear and distinctive signatures in the infrared spectrum, and it is possible to...
Leroy, S. S., J. G. Anderson, and G. Ohring (2008), Climate signal detection times and constraints on climate benchmark accuracy requirements,J. Clim., 21, 841 – 846, doi:10.1175/2007JCLI1946.1.
Long term trends in the climate system are always partly obscured by naturally occurring interannual variability.All else being equal, the larger the natural variability is, the less precisely one can estimate a trend in a timeseriesof data. Measurement uncertainty, though, also obscures long term trends. We derive how measurement uncertaintyand natural interannual variability interact in...
Leroy, S. S., and J. G. Anderson (2007), Estimating Eliassen-Palm flux using COSMIC radio occultation, Geophys. Res. Lett.,34, L10810, doi:10.1029/2006GL028263.
We present a methodology for analyzing the Eliassen-Palm (E-P) flux in the troposphere and stratosphere using GPS radio occultation data from the COSMIC project. In this methodology, geopotential height and temperature are mapped on constant pressure surfaces using a Bayesian interpolation scheme with a spherical harmonic basis, and the components of the E-P flux are evaluated using geostrophic...
Pittman, J. V., et al. (2007), Transport in the subtropical lowermost stratosphere during the Cirrus Regional Study ofTropical Anvils and Cirrus Layers – Florida Area Cirrus Experiment, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D08304, doi:10.1029/2006JD007851.
We use in situ measurements of water vapor (H2O), ozone (O3), carbon dioxide(CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), nitric oxide (NO), and total reactive nitrogen (NOy)obtained during the CRYSTAL-FACE campaign in July 2002 to study summertimetransport in the subtropical lowermost stratosphere. We use an objective methodology todistinguish the latitudinal origin of the sampled air masses despite the...
Hanisco, T. F., et al. (2007), Observations of deep convective influence on stratospheric water vapor and its isotopic composition, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L04814, doi:10.1029/2006GL027899.
In situ observations of H2O and HDO in the midlatitude stratosphere are used to evaluate the role of convection in determining the stratospheric water budget. The observations show that water vapor in the overworld stratosphere (potential temperature > 380 K) is isotopically heavier than expected. Measurements in an airmass with anomalously high concentrations of water vapor show isotopic...